Kathleen Raines' book Blake and Tradition is a good source for interpretation of the Cave of the Nymphs. A condensation of Raines' great work may be found in Blake and Antiquity, which contains considerable stuff on the Sea of Time and Space:
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| Arlington Tempera National Trust |
Three things stand out prominently in this wonderful picture:
On the right is the cave of the nymphs who conduct innocent souls by the northern gate down into mortal life. Below the cave spread across the bottom is the Sea of Time and Space. On the upper left you see a representation of the Heavenly Realm.
Homer wrote about the Cave of the Nymphs in the 13th book of the Odyssey:
"At the head of this harbour there is a large olive tree, and at no great distance a fine overarching cavern sacred to the nymphs who are called Naiads. There are mixing bowls within it and wine-jars of stone, and the bees hive there. Moreover, there are great looms of stone on which the nymphs weave their robes of sea purple--very curious to see--and at all times there is water within it. It has two entrances, one facing North by which mortals can go down into the cave, while the other comes from the South and is more mysterious; mortals cannot possibly get in by it, it is the way taken by the gods."
The Arlington Tempera contains virtually all of the items in Homer's description. Blake faithfully followed Homer in furnishing his cave. The Naiads use the mixing bowls and stone jars to prepare provisions for the descending souls. On the looms the nymphs weave bodies for them; the purple indicates these bodies contain blood.
Blake loved the looms and used them repeatedly in his prophecies; in his larger prophecies he described the "nymphs" as vicious wicked women; in fact there are pages of these wicked women. (The feminine of course connotes the earthly (under the moon), and the masculine heavenly (under the sun.) (As offensive as this may be to many readers,I don't know any help for it. It might be considered the guideline that men used in their subjugation of women. Blake wasn't responsible; he adopted all the ancient symbols, including this one.)
Blake's picture portrays the two realms, connected by two passages, sometimes called gates or bars or stairs. The picture shows them as stairs. The prominent gate on the right, called the northern bar, is especially rich in symbols that Blake used over and over as he wrote, etched, drew and painted.
Immediately
to the left of the northern gate is the southern gate of 'return' where
worthy mortals ascend into the higher realm of Eternity.
In
the upper part of the picture the nymphs prepare souls for the descent
into the "sea of time and space". The northern gate is filled with a
stream, the current moving downward into the sea. Blake shows two souls
scheduled for mortal life; each possesses a tub or pail which the nymphs
prepared for them containing spiritual truth and power for the
hazardous journey into the world.
At
the bottom of the cave one of these 'women' lies in the water
blissfully asleep; her tub is turned on its side, all the spiritual
things spilled and replaced by the water of mortal life.
The other woman has carefully protected her pail and against the opposition of the nymphs turned
decisively back toward the higher realm; following Heraclitus she may
be said to be a dry soul. (This scene evokes Jesus' story of the wise
and foolish virgins.)The
dry soul also suggests Thel, who crossed the northern bar, but drew
back in horror at the miry clay ahead. The two imaginary humans
represent the choices that each of us make every moment: to go the heavenly way or the worldly way, the two ways that Jesus spoke of).
In
the symbolic language water denotes matter, the inferior, the worldly.
Souls in the higher realm are attracted by the moisture. 'Time and
space' is a sea where mortal creatures suffer adventures that may be
creative or destructive.
Similar
and closely related to dry and moist souls are those awake and those
sleeping (this runs like a current throughout the Bible and through
Blake as well.)
The River of Adonis in the cave issues into the Sea of Time and Space (one of the common
titles
of Blake's tempera). There is (relatively) little to report about the
sea; it's just about life, about my life and your life and every brother
or sister's life.
But emerging from the sea we find Odysseus, the hero of Homer's Odyssey on the near shore; with his back to the shore he is putting something in the water: in accordance with Leucothea's instructions
he is returning her (magic) girdle which she had lent him so he could
swim ashore.In the distance Leucothea appears getting her girdle and
dissolving "in a spiral of radiant cloud" (Blake and Antiquity page 6).
Behind Odysseus stands his protector goddess, Athena (or Luvah or Jesus) pointing him to the courts above. (The
return of Odysseus to his home closely parallels Elijah's ascent on the
fiery chariot into Heaven, and of course the Ascension of Our Lord. The
thing to remember is that rather than material events these are
metaphors. Our metaphors are spacious and temporal; not so in Eternity.)
The upper left of the picture shows God upon a chariot, driven by the four Zoas and surrounded by the immortals. God appears to be a right sleepy god; the import is that it's the inner God who goes to sleep when the soul finds the couch of death and awakens to mortal life (Blake and Antiquity page 15). Raine quotes from The Gates of Paradise:
"My Eternal Man set in Repose
The Female from his darkness rose"
Once you've grasped the whole of this story you may notice how closely it parallels the primary Bible myth of Creation, Fall and eventual Redemption. It's the old, old story, and in the end there's only one story. (Jesus gave us an abbreviated version of it with The Prodigal Son.)
You may find a lot more information about the Arlington Tempera in these posts.
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